نوع مقاله : علمی-پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار، گروه مطالعات علم، مؤسسة پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفة ایران،‌ تهران، ایران

چکیده

نظریة تکامل دو جزء اصلی دارد: نیای مشترک و انتخاب طبیعی. «سازش» صفت معلول انتخاب طبیعی است. «محصول فرعی» صفت همبسته با سازش‌ است. صاحب‌نظرانی در رشته‌های مختلف از نظریة تکامل برای تبیین دین استفاده کرده‌اند. چهار رویکرد تکاملی برای تبیین دین وجود دارد: روان‌شناسی تکاملی، تکامل فرهنگی، ساختن کنام و بوم-شناسی رفتاری. روان‌شناسان تکاملی معمولاً دین را محصول فرعی سازوکارهای روانی می‌دانند که پیشتر برای اهداف معمولی تکاملی سازش یافته بودند و بعد مورد استفادة دین قرار ‌گرفته‌اند. تکاملیون فرهنگی معمولاً دین را سازشی فرهنگی برای همکاری بین غریبه‌ها و لذا بزرگتر شدن جامعه می‌دانند. دو رویکرد ساختن کنام و بوم‌شناسی رفتاری کمتر برای تبیین دین مورد استفاده قرار گرفته‌اند. ما از هر یک، یک نظریه را آورده‌ایم: ساختن کنام فره‌مند و علامت‌دهی تکاملی. صاحب‌نظرانی استدلال کرده‌اند که این رویکردها با وجود اختلاف بسیار، مکمل یکدیگرند. و نظریاتی که ما در این مقاله آورده-ایم هم با وجود اختلاف بسیار، مکمل یکدیگرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Complementary Approaches to Evolutionary Explanation of Religion

نویسنده [English]

  • Hassan Miandari

Associate Professor, Department of Science Studies, Iranian Institute of Philosophy, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Evolutionary theory has two main parts: common descent and natural selection. An "adaptation" is a trait caused by natural selection. A "byproduct" is a trait correlated with an adaptation. Some scholars of different disciplines have explained religion by evolutionary theory. There are four evolutionary approaches to explaining religion: evolutionary psychology, cultural evolution, niche construction, and behavioral ecology. Evolutionary psychologists usually consider religion as byproducts of ordinary psychological mechanisms that had been adapted and then have been used by religion. Cultural evolutionists usually consider religion as a cultural adaptation for cooperation between strangers and as a consequence expansion of society. Niche construction and behavioral ecology have been used infrequently to explaining religion. We mention one theory from each: charismatic niche construction and evolutionary signaling. Some scholars have argued that these approaches are complementary despite of being very different. And theories that we mention are complementary despite of being very different.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • religion
  • evolution
  • explanation
  • adaptation
  • byproduct
 
Balch, John, (2023), "Behavioral Ecology: Niche Construction and Religion," in Yair Lior and Justin Lane (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Approaches to Religion, London and New York: Routledge, ch. 25, pp. 362-381.
Baum, David A. and Stacey D. Smith, (2013), Tree Thinking: An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology, Greenwood Village (Colorado): Roberts and Company Publishers.
Bering, Jesse M., (2011), The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. New York: Norton.
Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique and Ryan Schacht, (2012), "Human Behavioural Ecology," in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Boyd, Robert and Peter J. Richerson, (1985), Culture and the Evolutionary Process, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
--------------------------------------------, (2005), The Origin and Evolution of Cultures, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bulbulia, J., (2008), "Meme infection or religious niche construction? An adaptationist alternative to the cultural maladaptationist hypothesis," Method & Theory in the Study of Religion, 20(1), 67– 107.
-------------, (2009), "Charismatic Signalling," Journal for the Study of Religion, 3/4, pp. 518–551.
-------------, (2012), "Spreading order: Religion, cooperative niche construction, and risky coordination problems," Biology & Philosophy, 27(1), pp. 1– 27.
-------------, Armin W. Geertz, Quentin D. Atkinson, Emma Cohen, Nicholas Evans, Pieter François, Herbert Gintis, Russell D. Gray, Joseph Henrich, Fiona M. Jordon, Ara Norenzayan, Peter J. Richerson, Edward Slingerland, Peter Turchin, Harvey Whitehouse, Thomas Widlok, and David S. Wilson, (2013), "The Cultural Evolution of Religion," in Peter J. Richerson and Morten H. Christiansen (eds.), Cultural Evolution: Society, Technology, Language, and Religion, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, ch. 20, pp. 381-404.
Buss, David M., (2019), Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind, 6th ed., New York: Routledge.
Davies, N. B., John R. Krebs, and Stuart A. West, (2012), An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology, 4th ed., Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell,
Davis, Taylor, (2015), "Group Selection in the Evolution of Religion: Genetic Evolution or Cultural Evolution?," Journal of Cognition and Culture, 15 (3-4), pp. 235-253.
Geertz, Armin W., (2023), "Introduction to cultural evolution," in Yair Lior and Justin Lane (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Approaches to Religion, London and New York: Routledge, ch.14, pp. 187-195.
Gould, Stephen Jay and R. Lewontin, (1979), "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Paradigm," Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 205, pp. 581-598.
----------------------- and E. Vrba, (1982), "Exaptation: A Missing Term in the Science of Form," Paleobiology, 8, pp. 4-15.
Granqvist, P., and L. A. Kirkpatrick, (2004), "Religious conversion and perceived childhood attachment: A meta-analysis," International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14, pp. 223–250.
-------------------------------------------, (2016), "Attachment and Religious Representations and Behavior," in Jude Cassidy and Phillip R. Shaver (eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications, 3rd ed., New York: The Guilford Press, ch. 39, pp. 917-940.
Kirkpatrick, Lee A., (1994), "The role of attachment in religious belief and behavior," in K. Bartholomew and D. Perlman (eds.), Advances in personal relationships: Vol. 5. Attachment processes in adulthood, London: Jessica Kingsley, pp. 239–265.
-----------------------, (1998), "God as a substitute AF: A longitudinal study of adult attachment style and religious change in college students," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, pp. 961–973.
-----------------------, (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. New York: Guilford Press.
-----------------------, (2006), "Religion is not an adaptation," in P. McNamara (ed.), Where God and Science meet: How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion, London: Praeger Perspectives, vol. 1, pp. 159–179.
-----------------------, (2011), "The role of evolutionary psychology within an interdisciplinary science of religion," Religion 41 (3), pp. 329-339.
-----------------------, (2023), "Differentiating Processes of Biological, Cognitive, and Cultural Selection: Implications for the Adaptation/ Byproduct Debate," in Yair Lior and Justin Lane (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Approaches to Religion, London and New York: Routledge, ch. 31, pp. 465-480.
---------------------- and P. R. Shaver, (1990), "Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, pp. 315–334.
Krogh, D., (2013), Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 5th ed., Redwood City, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Laland, K. N., M. Blake and M. W. Feldman, (2016), "An introduction to niche construction theory," Evolutionary Ecology, 30 (2), pp. 191-202.
---------------- and Gillian R. Brown, (2011), Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour, 2ed ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
----------------, F. J. Odling-Smee and M. W. Feldman, (2001), "Cultural niche construction and human evolution," Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14, pp. 22-33.
Lewontin, R. C., (1985), "Adaptation," in R. Levins and R. C. Lewontin (eds.), The Dialectical Biologist, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 65-84.
Lior, Yair and Justin Lane, (2023), "Introduction," in Yair Lior and Justin Lane (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Approaches to Religion, New York: Routledge, pp. 1-12.
Okasha, Samir, (2006), Evolution and the Levels of Selection, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shaver, John, Susan DiVietro, Martin Lang , and Richard Sosis, (2018), "Costs do not Explain Trust among Secular Groups," Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18 (1), pp. 180-204.
----------------, Benjamin Purzycki, and Richard Sosis, (2016), "Evolutionary Theory," in Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Study of Religion, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 8, pp. 124-136.
Smith, E. A., (2000), "Three styles in the evolutionary analysis of human behavior," in 1. Cronk, N. Chagnon, and W. Irons (eds.), Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, New York: Aldine de Gruyter, ch. 2, pp. 27-46.
Sober, E., (1993), Philosophy of Biology, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sosis, R., (2000), "Religion and Intragroup Cooperation: Preliminary Results of a Comparative Analysis of Utopian Communities," Cross-Cultural Research, 34, pp. 70–87.
----------, (2003), "Why Aren’t We All Hutterites? Costly Signaling Theory and Religion," Human Nature, 14, pp. 91–127.
----------, (2009), "The Adaptationist-byproduct Debate on the Evolution of Religion: Five Misunderstandings of the Adaptationist Program," Journal of Cognition and Culture, 9, pp. 315–332.
----------, (2016), "Religions as complex adaptive systems," in N. Clements (ed.), Mental Religion: The Brain, Cognition, and Culture, Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan, pp. 219–236.
----------, (2019), "The Building Blocks of Religious Systems: Approaching Religion as a Complex Adaptive System," in Georgi Yordanov Georgiev et al. (eds.), Evolution, Development and Complexity, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 421-449.
----------, (2023), "Costly Signaling: The ABCs of Signaling Theory and Religion," in Yair Lior and Justin Lane (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Evolutionary Approaches to Religion, London and New York: Routledge, ch. 16, pp. 209-226.   
---------- and E. Bressler, (2003), "Cooperation and Commune Longevity: a Test of the Costly Signaling Theory of Religion," Cross-Cultural Research, 37, pp. 211–239.
---------- and Joseph Bulbulia, (2011), "The behavioral ecology of religion: the benefits and costs of one evolutionary approach," Religion, 41(3), pp. 341-362.
----------, John Shaver, Benjamin Grant Purzycki, and Jordan Kiper, (2022), "Soul Mates? Conflicts and Complementarities in the Evolutionary and Cognitive Sciences of Religion," in Justin L. Barrett (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Cognitive Science of Religion, ch. 18, pp. 349-370.
Symons, Donald, (1990), "Adaptiveness and adaptation," Ethology and Sociobiology, 11 (4-5), pp. 427-444.
Tooby, J. and L. Cosmides, (1992), "The Psychological Foundations of Culture," in H. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby (eds.), The Adapted Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 19-136.
White, Claire, (2021), An Introduction to the Cognitive Science of Religion, New York: Routledge.
Wilson, E. O., (1975), Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
----------------, (1978), On Human Nature, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.