This study investigates how Jewish philosophy, as a cultural and intellectual tradition, has contributed to the formation, consolidation, and critique of scientific governance in the modern era. Drawing on Foucault’s power-knowledge nexus, Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital, and Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony, and employing a qualitative and intertextual methodology, the research explores the complex interactions between Jewish philosophical discourses, social structures, and epistemic legitimacy. Findings reveal that the Jewish philosophical epistemic order, by fusing abstract reason with Talmudic ethics, established the underpinnings of scientific regimes of truth, while its carriers operating within the Diaspora facilitated the reproduction of modern scientific and economic orders through the intergenerational transfer of these specific mental frameworks. Simultaneously, its critical and justice-oriented discourses have enabled resistance to dominant epistemic hegemonies. The study concludes that Jewish philosophy plays a dialectical and paradoxical role in modern scientific modernity, offering key insights for rethinking the nexus of science, power, and culture in contemporary thought.