Document Type : Review article
Authors
1 Mina Koohi, PhD student of sports management, Department of Sports Management, Allameh T’abatabai University, Tehran, Iran mina66da@gmail.com, (Corresponding Author)
2 Associate Professor of Physical Education Faculty of Allameh Tabatabai University, Sports Management Department, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran,
4 Professor, Department of Management and Planning in Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Religion plays an essential role in people's lives in today's societies, but its function is not limited to individuals at all. Religion affects the relationships of individuals, societies, and even governments; therefore, it is effective in all areas of human life. The level of religiosity of people also differs from each other, but each level of religiosity has a direct effect on people's behavior, attitude, feelings, and thoughts. Women's participation in sports is another topic that sociologists and sports researchers have focused on in the last few decades. To identify any kind of relationship between religiosity and women's participation in sports in the countries of the world is of fundamental importance. With the knowledge of this topic, the present essay is dedicated to the physical activity of women in two Abrahamic religions, Christianity and Judaism, with a descriptive method. According to the findings of the research, both of the aforementioned religions place great value on the human body and have assigned rules and regulations to take care of and protect this divine ability; however, in the field of equality between men and women in physical activity and sports, especially in the contemporary era, they have a different approach. The statistics of Christian and Jewish women participating in the Olympic Games are a testimony to the difference in the views of the gender equality of these two religions in sports and physical activities.
Keywords
فارسی
- عهد عتیق. (1399). ترجمه پیروز سیار، ج1و2، چاپ نخست، تهران: نشر نی.
انگلیسی
Book
- Collins, T. (2006) Jews, Antisemitism and sports in Britain, 1900–1939. In: Brenner, M, Reuveni, G (eds.) Emancipation through Muscles: Jews and Sports in Europe. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 142–155.
- Dee, D (2013) Sport and British Jewry: Integration, Ethnicity and Anti-Semitism, 1890–1970. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Erikson, E. (1980). Identity and the Life Cycle,New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Feldman, D. M. (1986). Health and medicine in the Jewish tradition l’hayyim–to life. New York: Crossroad.
- Kaplan, D. E. (2005). Introduction, In The Cambridge Companion to American Judaism, edited by Dana Evan Kaplan, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
- Kugelmass, J (ed.) (2007). Jews, Sports, and the Rites of Citizenship. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
- Levine, P. (1992). Ellis Island to Ebbets Field: Sport and the American Jewish Experience. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mendelsohn, E. (ed.) (2008). Jews and the Sporting Life: Studies in Contemporary Jewry, vol. XXIII. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Presner, T. (2007). Muscular Judaism: The Jewish Body and the Politics of Regeneration (Jewish Studies Series). London: Routledge.
- Riess, A. (ed.) (1998). Sports and the American Jew. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Simri, U. and Paz, I. (1988). Forty Years of Sports in Israel. Tel Aviv.
- Reznik, S. (2002). ‘The Sport Organization “Beitar”: Sport and Politics in a Segmented Society’, in H. Kaufman and H. Harif (eds.), Physical Culture and Sport in Israel in the Twentieth Century, Jerusalem.
- Wegner, J. R. (1988). Chattel or Person? The Status of Women in the Mishnah. New York.
Paper
- Batty, G. D. and Lee, I. (2002). Physical activity for preventing strokes: Better-designed studies suggest that it is effective. British Medical Journal325: 350–51.
- Di-Capua, Y. (2005). Women, gender, sports and the female body: Arab states. In Encyclopedia of Women in Islamic Cultures 3. Leiden: Brill.
- Eisen, G. (1998). Jewish history and the ideology of modern sport: Approaches and interpretations. Journal of Sport History 25(3).
- Frances, M. and Thompson Tetreault. M. K. (1997). Learning in the dark: How assumptions of whiteness shape classroom knowledge. Harvard Educational Review
- Fatih, K. and Demirci, A. (2010). An assessment of outdoor recreational behaviors and preferences of the residents in Istanbul. Scientific Research and Essays
- Galily, Y. (2009). The Contribution of the Maccabiah Games to the Development of Sport in the State of Israel. Sport in Society 12(8).
- Harkness, G. (2012). Out of bounds: Cultural Barriers to Female Sports Participation in Qatar. The International Journal of the History of Sport
- Kelly, K.; Macdonald, D. and Abbott, R. (2012). Challenging stereotypes: Muslim girls talk about physical activity, physical education and sport. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education
- Klein, A. (2000). Anti-semitism versus anti-somatism: Seeking the elusive sporting Jew. Sociology of Sport Journal 17(3).
- Klein, J. (2007). Women’s Soccer, Egyptian Men, and What is ‘Forbidden’. The New York Times Soccer Blog. Available online: http://goal.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/womens-soccer-egyptian-menand-what-is-forbidden (accessed on 8 may 2022).
- Kaufman, H. Galily, Y. (2009). Sport, Zionist ideology and the State of Israel. Sport in Society 12(8).
- Kaufman, H. (2007). Maccabi versus Hapoel: The political divide that developed in sports in Eretz Israel, Israel Affairs 13(3).
- Messner, M. A. (1988). Sports and male domination: The female athlete as contested ideological terrain. Sociology of Sport Journal
- Mirsafian, H. Dóczi, T. and Mohamadinejad, A. (2014). Attitude of Iranian female university students to sport and exercise. Iranian Studies
- Nanayakkara, S. (2012). Crossing boundaries and changing identities: Empowering South Asian women through sport and physical activities. The International Journal of the History of Sport
- Pfister, G. (2010). Outsiders: Muslim women and Olympic games–barriers and opportunities. The International Journal of the History of Sport
- Rizwan, L. Zhang, J. Yu, T. Qi, H. and Ashraf, M. A. (2019). Constraints to women’s participation in sports: A study of participation of Pakistani female students in physical activities. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics
- Samdahl, D. M., and Jekubovich, N. J. (1997). A critique of leisure constraints: Comparative analyses and understandings. Journal of Leisure Research
- Yu, C., Yin-Hua L. and Barnd. S, (2004). Cultural and social factors affecting women’s physical activity participation in Taiwan. Sport, Education and Society
Address
- Benedict XVI. (2007). Address to the members of the Austrian Alpine Ski team, 6 October.
- (2015). Address to the Italian Tennis Federation, 8 May.
- (2014). Address to members of the sports associations for the 70th Anniversary of the foundation of the CSI (Italian Sports Center), 7 June.
- (2013). Address to a delegation of the National soccer teams of Argentina and Italy, 13 August.
- (2014). Address to the Fiorentina and Napoli soccer teams and to a delegation of the Italian Soccer Federation and of the Serie A League, 2 May (B).
- John Paul II. (2000). Homily on the occasion of the Jubilee of Sports People, 29 October.
- John Paul II. (1989). Address to the participants in the National Convention of the Italian Episcopal Conference, 25 November.
- John Paul II. (1991). Address to a delegation of “Juventus” soccer team, 23 March.
- John Paul II. (1979). Address to the Italian and Argentine National Soccer Teams, 25 May.
- John Paul II. (1984). Address to the Mexican national soccer team, 3 February.
)